Chapter+Notes

Joy Hakim
 * All The People ****

Preface-About Democracy and Struggles**

•America had become the world's most powerful nation. •America is a democracy. •A free, fair government is difficult to create. •A government is meant to be all the people. •Totalitarianism- political idea, leaders have complete control. •Communism- economic idea, method for controlling work, distributing goods and services, governments owns most things. •Capitalism- citizens work for themselves, not the government. •Totalitarianism and democracy are against each other. •Communism is against capitalism.


 * Chapter 1- The Making of a President**

•President Harry Truman was an ordinary man, not an outstanding one who you would expect to be a great president. •Franking privilege- allows senators and presidents to send their mail for free. •Truman was best known for his honesty, and turned out to be a good president. •Truman faced many issues- people moving to cities, Europe and Japan were devastated, people of color got unfair treatment, and Russia. •John Brown- A man who killed many people and was an abolitionist zealot who wanted to win black freedom by force.


 * Chapter 2- A Major Leaguer**

•1945- America was a Jim Crow nation. •In the south everything was segregated- blacks and whites were separated. •Jim Crow even was apparent in baseball, blacks had to be in the Negro Leagues. •Players in the Negro leagues took a lot of abuse. •Branch Rickey- Dodger's coach, wanted to change baseball and break the color line, wanted to hire Jackie Robinson. •Jackie Robinson was really tough because he took so much abuse, but he was an outstanding player. •Baseball became the ultimate pastime for all the people, Jackie Robinson had broke the color line.


 * Chapter 3- A (Very Short) History of Russia**

•America was determined to be more powerful than the Soviet Union. •America spent a lot of money on military forces and weapons to become more powerful. •Tsar- like an emperor, comes from word Caesar, Ancient Rome's great leader. •Russia was a communist country, America deeply feared communism. •1912- revolution in Russia led by Alexander Kerensky. •Some feared communism would come to U.S.


 * Chapter 4- A Curtain of Iron**

•The curtain of iron was an imaginary line that separated communist Russia from the rest of the world. •Truman asked Churchill to speak at a college in Fulton, Missouri, Churchill said yes with no hesitation. •Churchill talked about Russian communism and how it was a dangerous form of government. •A lot of people believed that communism was a good, sturdy form of government, but others disagreed like Churchill. •When World War II was over, the Allied Powers (who won) were supposed to go through Europe and help grant freedom to countries that had been conquered by Hitler, then they were supposed to leave. •But, Soviet armies wouldn't leave those countries, they stayed in control. •Armed guards stood over the border between Russia and Europe to make sure no one could leave. •The Truman Doctrine- Truman decided to send a lot of emergency aid to Greece and Turkey to stop the spread of communism, it was the beginning of the Cold War.


 * Chapter 5- The Marshall Plan**

•President Truman planned to send billions of dollars in aid to countries that were desperate, it was called the Marshall Plan. •Vindictive- wants revenge. •The plan was offered to all European countries. •America offered money to Russia, but they refused to take it. •The aid helped the European nations regain strength, and it helped us because they could now buy our goods. •General Douglas MacArthur was sent to Japan to help bring democracy, Japan became a democracy. •Point Four- another one of Truman's plans that gave aid to developing, third world, nations. •Some people didn't approve of these policies •He started to send proposals to congress saying that he wanted to stop all discrimination.


 * Chapter 6- A "Lost" Election**

•The south had always been mostly democratic, known as "The Solid South.". •Not only were there the Democratic and Republican Parties, but a new party was formed called the Progressive Party. •Thomas E. Dewey was chosen as the Republican candidate in the 1948 election •Dewey was the governor of New York. •Dewey didn't try to campaign as much as Truman because he was sure he was going to win, as was America. •November 2, 1948 people voted in America, Harry Truman surprisingly became president for another term.


 * Chapter 7- Spies**

• many thought there would be a communist revolution because they thought the nation was filled with communists • there were many spies discovered in US • We had spies in Russia and Russia had spies in the US • America thought we were the only ones with an atomic bomb, but Russia had one too • China- emperor was overthrown, looked for new leaders led to civil war • fought against each other once the WWII ended • communists won in china and some blamed HST • we gave poor advice which led to mistakes in a place called Vietnam • Vietnam was divided into two countries that were supposed to be brought back together with free elections • communists controlled the north, and didn't allow an election. • Kim Sung intended to make all of Korea communist • Korean war started, United Nations helped fight with South Korea and Syngman Rhee • MacArthur fought past the boundaries and brought China into war • He was the leader of Americans in Korea • America started a communist hunt in the US and persecuted our own citizens


 * Chapter 8- Tail Gunner Joe**

•Senator Joseph McCarthy was a liar- some believed him • McCarthy lied to become a senator •made up war stories and about his opponents •liked attention •would scare America with idea of communism •started witch hunts with a list of people who he accused of being communists •master of publicity- kicked out many from government for being a "communist" •House of Representatives had committee called the House Un-American Activities Committee, ruined lives in movie business •people working with movies and attended anything having to do with communism were put on a black list •wanted to make it a crime to be a communist •many were thrown in jail who were accused of believing in communism •McCarthy made up many lies about the communist people and said they were going to tell secrets to Russia, so he made many people afraid •Margaret Chase Smith- spoke out in congress against McCarthy •Edward R. Murrow made a movie about McCarthy's lies and horrors •Ralph Flanders- spoke out about McCarthy, said he shouldn't be in government


 * Chapter 9- Liking Ike**

•The 1950s were a glorious time •many new things were being introduced to America •lots of televisions in America, 90% of all homes had a television set •Dwight D. Eisenhower- new president who was nicknamed Ike •Eisenhower was a supreme allied commander in Europe during WWII •very popular •was a conservative, advisers were businessmen, thought president should be a strong moral leader •Americans ready for a change instead of democrats, they needed a republican •thought president should act quickly and thought he was lazy •He wanted to end Korean war, didn't want deaths or war with China •believed in behind the scenes leadership •Korean came to an end with no winner •the war proved that US and united nations would stand up to communist aggression •saw danger ahead for nation •there was a race occurring between Russia and America to see who could make the most arm weapons •New leader in Russia was Premier Nikita Khrushchev •went in arms race putting us further and further into debt causing us not to listen to Ike


 * Chapter 10- Houses, Kids, Cars and Fast Food**

•America was having a baby boom due to all the war veterans who were home •William Levitt had an idea to makes houses considering there was a shortage •Levitt brought the mass production idea to housing •He kept house prices very low so many people could buy a house •the communities that he built were known as suburbs, the idea was being tried out across the nation •Suburbs, the outskirts of cities, were attracting many •cities started losing money because of suburbs •many new fancy cars were being built •oil was replacing coal and it began driving the economy •People were taking long car trips so they needed a lot of oil. •there were not good motels for families; they were way too expensive, and not kid-friendly. •Kemmons Wilson built nice motels for families that were clean attractive and children got it free, called it Holiday Inn •Most families didn't go out to dinner because the 1950s image of a mother was one who stayed home and cooked •Dick and Mac McDonald came up with the idea to have a restaurant that would not cost much and had good food, they built a drive in restaurant •once again mass production was used, this time in the kitchen •Ray Kroc- helped McDonald's settle everywhere so that anyone could get the exact same burger any where. He made lots of money but said that he worked for pride and accomplishment •lots of fast-food restaurants became a regular thing in America.


 * Chapter 11- French Indochina**

•Indochina- also known as Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia •colonialism, imperialism- One country that rules a foreign country •Ho Chi Minh- leader of Vietnam, 1945 Minh founded the Democratic Republic of Vietnam •French had ruled Vietnam in the past, and still wanted to •French asked U.S to help get Vietnam back, told them Minh was communist •Ho Chi Minh was an independent type of communist •When HST was president, we gave the French 10 million dollars a year to fight the Vietminh •By 1953 America was spending 400 million dollars a year supporting France •Finally, the French gave up and left Asia •Vietnam was slit into North and South Vietnam in the Geneva agreement, Minh was the leader of the North •South Vietnam's leaders chosen by France •by the Geneva agreement, elections would be held to reunite the country in a few years •the election never occurred resulting in a civil war •hawks- those who wanted to send bombers and fighting troops •doves- didn't want to get involved •Eisenhower thought that as soon as one country became communist, all the others would follow in Asia


 * Chapter 12- Separate but Unequal**

•Abridge the privileges- take away, limit rights of citizens •segregation was not equal protection of the laws •Justice John Marshall- disagreed with the majority decision in the supreme court in the Homer Plessy case •Plessy vs. Ferguson made segregation legal in the south •Charles Hamilton Houston- expert in the law of constitution, black •Houston trained other black lawyers as well, became dean of Harvard's law school •Jim Crow wasn't only in the south, it spread to other countries as well such as Alaska •Schools were separated in Alaska, as well as movie theaters •Miss Jones- an Alaskan girl who wasn't allowed to go to public school •Elizabeth Peratrovich- an Alaskan civil rights fighter •February 16, 1945- bill passed, Alaskans weren't segregated from whites anymore •Now, February 16th is known as Elizabeth Peratrovich Day


 * Chapter 13- Linda Brown-and Others**

•Linda Brown was seven years old and lived in Kansas. •Brown had to walk a long way to get to her black school even though there was a better school nearby for whites •Her father, Reverend Oliver Brown, went to court to try to get her into the white school •This case was known as Brown v. Board of Education •Briggs v. Clarendon County was when adults were suing the county because of the segregation in schools •Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County was known as a strike organized by the student and then they sued the county. •each of these cases were defeated in court. •All of these cases combined were referred to as Brown v. Board of Education, they were appealed to the Supreme Court •Thurgood Marshall was up against John W. Davis •The Chief Justice died and Eisenhower made Earl Warren the new Chief Justice •On may 17, 1954 he made the term "separate but not equal" wrong! •schools were supposed to become integrated, but many schools closed down for years, and the battle continued.


 * Chapter 14- MLK's, Senior and Junior**

•Mike King was teased when he went to school •His father drank and was violent •He was a railroad worker but really had a passion for preaching •He went to public school •He went to school to get the approval of a family whose daughter he wanted to marry •He went to Morehouse College •He was able to marry his wife because he got a college degree, a house, and was a banker •They had a son and made sure he had a good education •He became a minister, his name was Martin Luther King Jr. •Although his dad wanted him to be a assistant pastor he wanted to change the world and make a difference that would stop the segregation. •He started his fight against the separation of races in Montgomery, Alabama


 * Chapter 15- Rosa Parks Was Tired**

•43 year-old Rosa parks was a tailor's assistant •Parks was Secretary of NAACP, and lived in Montgomery, Alabama •December 1, 1955 was day she refused to give up seat on a bus, she sat in the black section and was asked to give her seat to a white man. She refused. •She was arrested and sent to jail •E.D Nixon asked Rosa Parks if they could use her case to fight against segregation. •Joanne Robinson wanted people to boycott the buses for one day. •Boycott continued for months even though they were threatened by the whites, and thrown in jail for carpooling! •One of the Boycott leaders was Martin Luther King Jr. •13 Months after Rosa Parks was arrested, the Supreme Court declared segregation on buses unconstitutional.


 * Chapter 16- Three Boys and Three Girls**

•1954 Supreme Court said schools should start integrating the schools •In 1957, no schools in the South were integrated, they all closed down •A Federal Judge ordered schools in Little Rock, Arkansas to become integrated •Little Rock Nine- Melba Pattillo and eight other students were the first black students to attend Little Rock's Central High •Governor Orval Faubus threatened to call in the National Guard to make sure that the blacks couldn't attend to that school, there was a lot of racial hatred.


 * Chapter 17- Passing the Torch**

•Inauguration Day- President John F. Kennedy became president •he was trained to serve his country and to achieve and do his best, he grew up with a lot of money. •new cabinet was going to be bipartisan- it would include people from both political parties •Kennedy suggested a Peace Corps program that would let Americans unselfishly share their experience and knowledge with the less fortunate nations •He had big dreams that everyone could share, and intended that the nation reach for greatness within itself •JFK made it so that there was a black cadet •he was determined to be an active president and good president and one who would inspire the nation •Rachel Carson -wrote about the environment, and brought awareness to America about different problems that were affecting the earth


 * Chapter 18- Being President Isn't Easy**

•Cuba- had many problems- corrupt government, criminals making fortunes, overall very poor •Fidel Castro- took charge in 1959, a communist, dictator •A lot of Cubans fled to U.S, planned to overthrow Castro •CIA secretly trained Cuban refugees, planning to have an invasion •Invasion was at a place called Bay of the Pigs, failed- the invaders captured, America and JFK were embarrassed •JFK took the blame, America loved his honesty •Premier Khrushchev- Russia's Leader, wanted to bully the U.S, did so by planting nuclear missiles in Cuba aimed at America's big cities •JFK didn't want to drop a bomb on Cuba, but he announced that they were ready if the missiles were not taken away •finally the crisis ended, the missiles were removed •Kennedy wanted U.S and Russia to sign an agreement that they wouldn't stop testing nuclear bombs •Russia didn't listen, they started testing again and were poisoning the air, JFK finally announced that the U.S would have to begin testing again, but a few weeks later, a test-ban treaty was approved •In the Vietnam War, we were sending help to South Vietnam, JFK sent first troops (advisers) to Vietnam, 1963 we were spending 1.5 million dollars per day, 11,000 military advisers in Vietnam


 * Chapter 19- Some Brave Children Meet a Roaring Bull**

•1962, Birmingham, Alabama- city's white leader closed down all of the public recreational facilities, they didn't want integration •Eugene "Bull" Connor- Birmingham's commissioner of public safety (police), elected with help from KKK •Connor was a bully, not a nice guy at all •Birmingham's black citizens were protesting; fighting against segregation, Connor put them in jail •MLK Jr. came to Birmingham to protest, and was also thrown in jail •The black people had to do something dramatic to capture nation's attention •black students from the school's were asked to march because they wouldn't be afraid of losing a job •Reverend James Bevel- helped organized the student who were going to protest and had already organized a demonstration in Nashville, Tennessee •black and white students were in sit-ins at lunch- ketchup was poured on the black students' heads, they would be kicked, abused •many students marched, they were arrested by Bull Connor, or abused from his dog's and strong fire hoses •75 children put in a jail cell for eight people, one of them was Patricia King •Bull Connor actually helped the civil rights movement by bringing people's attention to the abuse that black people were getting; not that he intended to help in any way •JFK asked his brother, General Robert "Bobby" Kennedy to devote energy to the cause of racial hatred in America


 * Chapter 20- Standing With Lincoln**

•NAACP- National Association of the Advancement of Colored People •NAACP was working through courts and trying to change the laws but it took skilled leadership and was a slow process •Thurgood Marshall and A. Philip Randolph were the kinds of leaders that were going to help •A. Philip Randolph was one of the main organizers of the March on Washington •SCLC- Southern Christian Leadership Conference •appealed to mass of moderate churchgoing blacks •leaders were ministers •SNCC- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Congress for Racial Equality organized many sit- ins at college communities •Kennedy tried to pass a law that said that blacks could be free but didn't know how it was going to turn out •August 28, 1963 there was a march for freedom in Washington D.C. •demand passage of the civil right bills integration of schools and end to job discrimination and a program of job training •Bayard Rustin- was in charge of organizing the march •movie stars, singers, high-school bands, preachers, and politicians were there to speak or sing •"hook man"- Rustin assigned someone to pull someone away from the microphone if they spoke too long •250,000 people were there at Washington's mall •That was the day that Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous speech- "I have a dream" •lots of people came- blacks and whites


 * Chapter 21- The President's Number**

•Kennedy wanted to take the country in a new direction, but congress didn't want to •economy needed a shove •spoke to the people of a New Frontier that would go beyond FDR's New Deal •had legislation that he wanted passed civil right bills, tax-cut bills and health care bills and others •frustrated some, people called his ideas socialist and feared change especially in the field of civil rights •caused his popularity to go way down •hoped that with the new election he would win because his bills would be passed •Went to Texas to go on a peacemaking mission because of political trouble •someone said that it was too dangerous, but he didn't listen •JFK was shot in the head in Dallas, and died on November 22, 1963 •The world was devastated


 * Chapter 22- LBJ**

•new president was big-big body, big voice, big ego and ambition was coloassal •wanted to be a great president- actually the best •wanted to wipe out poverty. see everyone treated as equals •worked for the goals with lots of energy and political savvy •saw that helping the handicapped and the poor would enrich the whole nation •Lyndon Baines Johnson- was president after Kennedy •very bright- but a rebellious student- always had to be the leader go into trouble •politics fascinated him- wanted to be just like his dad •couldn't go to collage had to earn the money to go •we would always do a job and do it very well- didn't think he would be president •hard working


 * Chapter 23- The Biggest Vote in History**

•Johnson was born to be a politician, he had a ton of energy •President Johnson had a new vision that extended the New Frontier (JFK) and the New Deal- The Great Society •The Great Society- no poverty, children all educated well, healthcare a birthright, jobs and job training attainable by all •1964- ran for president on his own, won by the biggest popular vote ever, Democratic Congress who would support his programs •Unfortunately, LBJ lied to the people and told them that North Vietnam had attacked an innocent American ship in Gulf of Tonkin


 * Chapter 24- Salt and Pepper the Kids**

•20th century America was an affluent society (rich), but some people were left out •Lyndon Johnson wanted to do something about the poverty •Johnson got the civil rights act passed- outlawed discrimination •Medicare- helped old people pay hospital bills •Johnson had many other programs as well, and helped reduce the poverty level •But, the war in southeast Asia (Vietnam) was taking money, American soldiers were fighting in Vietnam with South Vietnam against North Vietnam •In the black community, Johnson was telling them to be patient because they wanted even more rights, but they didn't want to wait.


 * Chapter 25- A King Gets a Prize and Goes to Jail**

•Martin Luther King Jr. was given the prestigious award of the Nobel Peace Prize •The Nobel Peace Prize is given to the person from anywhere in the world who has given most to peace •MLK Jr. was the youngest person ever to get the award •some racists were angry, but most Americans proud •MLK Jr. went to Selma, Alabama to try to get blacks the right to vote •Martin marched with 250 citizens who wanted to vote, they were all put in jail •500 schoolchildren marched, arrested, then 300 more- so many black people were in jail •Coretta Scott King- MLK's wife •Malcolm X- a black leader who had also been invited to Selma, had once accepted violence, had been moved by an experience in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the center of the Muslim World •Even though Malcolm had changed, 2 weeks after he went to Selma he was killed by Black Muslims because he had once tolerated hate and violence.


 * Chapter 26- From Selma to Montgomery**

•In Selma marchers and reporters we being beaten by the police •Cager Lee was beaten, his grandson carried him to a café, the police shot Jimmy Lee Jackson in the stomach, and he died a week later •the murder was too much, civil rights workers wanted to be killed, or free •600 people were at Brown's Chapel and were planning to march 58 miles to Montgomery (the capital) •Hosea Williams was in charge of the march •Once they began the march, they discovered Alabama state troopers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge, many were beaten •Everything was being filmed, the nation was informed of Selma's horrible events •What happened in Selma changed the nation's perspective of civil rights •six days after the incident, 4,000 people marched from Pettus Bridge to Montgomery, 25,000 people had joined the march- blacks and whites


 * Chapter 27- War in Southeast Asia**

•The Great Society programs had to be limited because America was spending so much on Vietnam •fighting for freedom and democracy, against communism •entering the Vietnam War was a mistake •In the Gulf of Tonkin, there was supposedly an American ship that was fired at with bombs, it was a lie •LBJ lied and said that the ship had been fired at, and got Congress to pass a resolution that let him go to war- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution •America dropped more bombs on North Vietnam than they had on Germany and Japan in WWII •America was also sending a lot of soldiers •America made that civil war a lot worse •Jeremiah Denton- prisoner of war in Vietnam


 * Chapter 28-Lyndon in Trouble**

•LBJ lied about the Gulf of Tonkin, and one lie leads to another •Many people were demonstrating against the war •Big cities were rioting, LBJ was in trouble, his Great Society wasn't working •Many people were angry; women, blacks- people who wanted their rights •My Lai- March 16th, 1968 American soldiers shot everyone they could find- old men, pregnant women, children, babies. 347 civilians were killed •Then, they killed animals and put the dead bodies in the water to poison it •My Khe- similar events happened there, the soldiers were lying about that they had done •Lieutenant Calley- directed the massacre, killed 109 Vietnamese (even babies), sas convicted but then later released


 * Chapter 29- Friedan, Schlafly, and Friends**

•1950s, I Love Lucy was the number-one TV program •I Love Lucy showed the reality of the 50s- most women stayed at home •Betty Friedan wrote an article about suburban women and found out that many of them were not happy because they weren't given a chance to work and show what they could do •Women weren't equal in society- they couldn't do the jobs that men did •Betty Friedan turned her article into a book since she couldn't get it published in a magazine- called her book The Feminine Mystique published in 1963 •The Feminine Mystique caught America's attention because it contained the idea that all people have the right to develop their potential •Working women were still paid less than men •many women became civil rights workers •Eventually, after the women's hard work, some began to get good jobs, but racial equality still wasn't happening for all women, which was not what the women wanted •Some women were traditionalists- women should stay at home and not work •Phyllis Schafly- spokeswoman for traditionalists, attacked thee women's liberation movement •Schafly was also part of the New Right, a powerful political force •educated women were able to make decisions •Billie Jean King- a champion tennis player, fought for equality in sports


 * Chapter 30- As Important As the Cotton Gin**

•1944- mechanical cotton picker was demonstrated, it could do the work of 50 people •cotton workers weren't need any more •after 1940 5 million blacks moved north •1970- over 75% of blacks lived in cities •Too many people were in the cities, only few people noticed •David Cohn- one of the people who noticed the overpopulated cities, Mississippi lawyer


 * Chapter 31- Picking and Picketing**

•Many Mexican workers were entering the U.S for work illegally •Many of the illegal immigrants didn't have any education and were crowded into cities •Many Americans were not happy with them, they thought they were taking away job opportunities •A group of Mexicans died on a bus that drowned in only 2 1/2 feet of water, the driver missed a curve •Cesar Chavez- American of Mexican heritage, lead the Farm Workers Association, famous. Chavez spoke to the people at the funeral mass for the victims on the bus about how these workers were mistreated •Fred Ross gave Chavez with the Community Service Organization which helped many poor people •If the unions worked, the workers could demand fair wages and safe conditions •1962 Chavez went to farms, a few years later his Farm Workers Association joined Filipino workers in a strike against grape growers •Chavez took after Gandhi and MLK Jr, he believed in nonviolence •Farm Workers Association was renamed United Farm Workers


 * Chapter 32- "These Are the Times That Try Men's Souls."**

•Martin Luther King Jr. had a harder time getting rid of segregation in the northern cities •In the north there were no Jim Crow laws, it was an economic problem •cities filled all different types of people who couldn't get jobs and rise above the poverty •blacks and whites were competing for jobs and growing farther apart •MLK started a new campaign against poverty •Robert Kennedy was working with MLK, they both wanted to get rid of Poverty •Indians were inspired by the civil rights movement, they were also creating movements like the AIM- American Indian Movement


 * Chapter 33- Up to the Mountain**

•Memphis, Tennessee garbage workers went on strike, asked MLK Jr. to lead it •teenagers became violent, MLK Jr. left, and was furious- he believed in strictly non-violence •155 stores were damaged, 60 people hurt, one 16-year old killed •MLK Jr. wanted to go back to Memphis and lead a peaceful march •At the Lorraine Motel, Martin Luther King Jr. was shot, and killed •Robert Kennedy spoke to the people, and encouraged them to follow after MLK Jr.


 * Chapter 34- A New Kind of Power**

•As MLK Jr. was being buried, 130 cities were burning with riots, 39 people killed •Richard Wright- 1940 published Native Son, then Black Boy •Ralph Ellison-Invisible Man •black writers were writing for all the people bringing new ideas to the readers •More black authors were: James Baldwin, Zora Neale Hurston, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Maya Angelou, Paule Marshall •Malcolm X- in jail he got a dictionary and learned a whole new vocabulary, and he felt free •1950-1990, the amount African Americans who worked in offices increased to 40% •Bobby Kennedy was going to run for president, but he was shot and killed


 * Chapter 35- The Counter-culture Rocks**

•counterculture- behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought characteristic of a population. •people in the counterculture in the 60s didn't act like everyone else, they were called hippies •Hippies were all different, their differences didn't matter •hippies made rock music people a national passion •John Henry Hammond Sr.-born in 1910, because of him the younger generations could listen to music from African ancestry •in the 1960s, drugs were becoming popular but they were extremely harmful •Hammond discovered Billie Holiday, a black jazz singer, as well as many other discoveries •Hammond served as vice president for the NAACP •Hammond discovered Bob Dylan, the most influential musician during the Vietnam Era •The Beatles were the most important popular musicians during their time •Hammond also discovered Aretha Franklin, who combined the sounds if gospel and blues


 * Chapter 36- Nixon: Vietnam, China and Watergate**

•A Tet is a Vietnam new year celebration •The Vietnamese attacked us during this time and many American soldiers were killed •1968 was when President Nixon was elected •His father was an orphan when he was younger •His father was thoughtful and kind but often had a temper •His dad married Hannah Milhous •Richard was a serious and quiet boy •He got very good grades •He went to college and found a passion for debate and speech •He graduated and served in the U.S Navy during World War II •He was very interested in politics •He wen to China and Russia and was the first president to do so •Phased with-drawl was the period that we were slowly trying to get out of the Vietnam war •When the North force took over the Southerns capital we got out of the war •Nixon started to lie and steal •When Nixon was about to be impeached, he resigned from president


 * Chapter 37- A Congressman and a Peanut Farmer**

•Gerald Ford was the new president because before the vice president resigned, Nixon choose Gerald Ford as the back up •When Nixon resigned Ford became president •During his presidency, the soldiers were just clearing out of Vietnam •His wife Betty Ford spoke out to womens rights •When elections came around Gerald Ford lost to James Earl "Jimmy" Carter •He was 39th president, soft-spoken, and religious •During his presidency the price of oil went up •Iran's ruler was overthrown and replaced by a man named Ayatollah Khomeini who hated the U.S and captured some of our men and held them hostage for 444 days


 * Chapter 38- Taking a Leading Role**

•The next president was named Ronald Reagan •1981 Regan introduced "Welfare State" which was a bunch of programs for poor people •He was against taxing the rich more than the poor to help pay for the poor people •He grew up poor •He was a movie actor and host of a TV series •He wanted to cut taxes •The debt went from 383 billion in 1980 and 2.3 trillion in 1988 •Many public institutes lost government aid •The amount being spent on schools dropped 15 percent •He called communist Russian an evil empire •He wanted the Berlin Wall to be destroyed •1988 Reagan went to Russia as a friend


 * Chapter 39- Living on the Edge**

•In 1952 more than 1/2 of workers had a manufacturing job, 1992 less than 18% did •We could produce things faster and needed less people to do it •It was harder to get a job if you didn't have a good education •Edge cities were places that had a whole lot of work space and got crowded during the work hours •They have a lot of highways


 * Chapter 40- The End of the Cold War**

•1989, Communism failed in Russia •The Cold War ended •The European nations all formed to make a Common Market •When he was president the nation's debt was high and the damage from the war was devastating •The Cold War was over •1989 thousands of Chinese student demonstrated for freedom in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, the government killed many •1988 George Bush Senior became the 41st president •Saddam Hussein (dictator of Iraq) sent troops into Kuwait and took over them, U.S stopped the aggression in a short Persian Gulf War •U.S also helped Somalia, a poor country with starving people while George Bush was president •George Orwell- pen name for Eric Blair who wrote a satire of communism called Animal Farm


 * Chapter 41- A Quilt, Not a Blanket**

•Orestes Lorenzo Perez was a Cuban military pilot who wanted to live with his family in Cuba •He flew a plane to America and told his family he would come back for them •He tried everything to get them back but couldn't •He talked to his wife in code to tell her he would pick her up on a highway and he did and rescued his family •When people came from foreign countries people didn't realize that they would soon become Americans and pick up on the language here. They feared that the United States would become a two language country


 * Chapter 42- Is It Me or We?**

•The 80s were a time where we focused on business •The first computer came out •by 1990 Bill Gates was one of the richest men in the world •Education became very important in this new era •In 1986 people were spending 30 hours a week in front of the television •The media was getting a lot more pushy and gave the rich less privacy Chapter 43: the land that never has been yet •Douglas Wilder was the governor of Virginia •In the 20th Century segregation was thrown out •In 1994 crimes were becoming serious and kids were starting to be under a lot more protection •In 1994 it was a law that schools had to expel kids if they brought fire-arms to school •In Europe they made it a law that no one could own a gun


 * Chapter 43- The Land That Never Has Been Yet**

•Douglas Wilder- elected governor of Virginia in 1989 •crime was becoming more frequent in the U.S •1997 Rosa Parks launched a Detroit school program as a national model to train students in nonviolence, civil rights, and language arts •1994 congress passed Gun-Free School Act, every student with a gun was expelled but students still got shot in school incidents


 * Chapter 44- A Boy from Hope**

•William Jefferson Clinton was about to become the 42nd president •He was the first democratic president in 12 years •He had a lot of potential and a lot of people believed in him •Governor of Arkansas •His wife was a lawyer and was very smart •They both had hard childhoods •Clinton was abused and had a alcoholic father •Albert Gore was vice president •Gores son died when he was only 16 •Clinton- good humored and known for long speeches


 * Chapter 45- Being President Still Isn't Easy**

•Clinton cut welfare, put police on the streets, made drugs harder to get, built jails, the contry had a surplus •it had been 30 since the last surplus •He brought countries together and had them agree to stop killing each other •His presidency started good and ended badly •A new law came out that said the president had to be investigated •Prosecutors started to reveal more and more information that wasn't entirely necessary •Clinton had an affair with another women in the White House and lied to the public •1998 Bill Clinton was impeached


 * Chapter 46- The Big Story**

•20th century is known as one of the great ages in science •Albert Einstein led America to cosmology, science about the universe •Edwin Hubble- scientist who discovered that Earth's galaxy is not the only one out there and that our universe does change •Richard P. Feynman- another scientist in the 20th century who studied atoms •America discovered that neutrinos have mass, which lead to challenges for the scientists of the 21st century